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What is the difference between reactive, preventive, and predictive maintenance?

Quick answer

Reactive maintenance fixes equipment after it fails. Preventive maintenance services equipment on a fixed time or usage schedule to prevent failure. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring to act only when data shows a developing fault. Mature plants run mostly planned work, blending preventive and predictive on critical assets and minimising reactive.

These three strategies describe when maintenance happens relative to failure. Most plants use a mix, and the goal is not to eliminate any one of them but to shift the balance away from expensive reactive work toward planned preventive and predictive work on the assets that matter.

DimensionReactivePreventivePredictive
When work happensAfter failureOn a fixed scheduleWhen condition data signals a developing fault
Cost per jobHighest (emergency)ModerateLower, work done just in time
Production riskHigh, unplanned stopsLow if compliantLow, with early warning
Best used forTruly run-to-failure, low-criticality assetsPredictable wear, well-understood intervalsCritical assets with detectable failure modes
Main riskExpensive surprisesOver-maintaining or slipping complianceCollecting data nobody acts on
The takeaway

The aim is to move work left to right where it pays: minimise reactive, right-size preventive, and apply predictive to critical assets with detectable failure modes. The reactive percentage is the scoreboard.

Frequently asked questions

Is predictive maintenance always better than preventive?
No. Predictive is better on critical assets with detectable failure modes, but for predictable wear on lower-criticality assets, simple preventive maintenance is often cheaper and sufficient.

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